The Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Psychological Health

Abstract

Urban green spaces, such as parks, rooftop gardens, and vertical farming, are becoming increasingly popular in modern cities. These areas not only enhance the appearance of urban environments but also provide significant benefits to mental health, physical health, and overall well-being. As cities continue to grow and urbanization intensifies, the importance of green spaces becomes increasingly apparent. Specifically, urban green spaces have been linked to reduced depression, improved mood, and increased physical activity. Thus, these benefits and the implications for urban planning and policy must be acknowledged; policy must be undertaken to improve green spaces in cities around the world.

Mental Health Benefits

Studies have shown that access to green spaces in urban areas is associated with improved mental health outcomes. One main benefit is the reduction of stress. The natural environment, such as trees and greenery, lowers the level of a stress hormone called cortisol. Individuals who live in areas with more green space experience lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those in less green environments (Gascon et al., 2016). In addition, less stress is beneficial because it improves relationships, increases lifespan, and promotes a healthier life. Green spaces also play a crucial role in alleviating symptoms of depression. When the brain is exposed to more greenery, it produces more serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of happiness and well-being. The University of Exeter found that individuals who moved to greener urban areas experienced significant improvements in their mental health, with effects lasting for at least three years post-move (Alcock et al., 2014).

Physical Health Benefits

Not surprisingly, these spaces provide opportunities for physical activity, which is known to have profound benefits on overall well-being. Green spaces encourage physical exercise, such as walking, jogging, and cycling. Moreover, these activities release endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. Without green spaces, residents of the city would be much less encouraged to spend time exercising outdoors. In addition, green spaces offer an escape from the noise, pollution, and fast pace of urban life. They provide a serene, calming environment where individuals can relax and unwind, which is essential for mental restoration. This concept, which is known as "attention restoration theory," suggests that natural environments help restore cognitive functions that are exhausted by the demands of urban living (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). Lastly, green spaces encourage social interaction and community engagement. Parks and gardens serve as communal areas where people can gather, socialize, and build relationships. Social interaction and a sense of community are vital for mental well-being, as they provide emotional support and reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Urban Planning and Policy Implications

Given the substantial benefits of urban green spaces for mental health, urban planners and policymakers must prioritize the development and maintenance of these areas. Integrating green spaces into urban design can be achieved through several strategies. One effective approach is the creation of pocket parks and community gardens in densely populated areas. These small green spaces can transform unused plots of land into vibrant, accessible areas for recreation and relaxation. Additionally, incorporating green rooftops and vertical gardens in buildings can maximize the use of limited space and bring nature closer to residents. Ensuring equitable access to green spaces is just as important. Research has shown that disadvantaged communities often have less access to quality green spaces due to socioeconomic circumstances, exacerbating health inequality (Wolch, Byrne, & Newell, 2014). Policymakers must address these inequalities by implementing green infrastructure in underserved areas. This ensures that all residents can benefit from the mental health advantages of urban nature. Lastly, encouraging community involvement in the design and maintenance of green spaces can increase their quality and ensure that they meet the desires of residents.

Conclusion

Urban green spaces are vital for promoting mental health and well-being in increasingly urbanized societies. They provide a range of benefits, such as reducing stress, fostering social connections, and promoting physical activity. To maximize these benefits, urban planners and policymakers must consider the creation and maintenance of accessible, high-quality green spaces for all communities. As a result, cities can enhance the quality of life for their residents and become healthier and happier.

References

Alcock, I., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Fleming, L. E., & Depledge, M. H. (2014). Longitudinal effects on the mental health of moving to greener and less green urban areas. National Library of Medicine, 48(2), 1247-1255. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24320055/

Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., ... & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016). Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(4), 429. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410252/

Johansen, A. (2021, May 12). Ideas for creating green spaces in urban areas. Leaders in Energy. https://leadersinenergy.org/ideas-for-creating-green-spaces-in-urban-areas/

Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98477-000

Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. ScienceDirect, 125, 234-244. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204614000310